APPENDIX
B
Documenting Sources: APA

American Psychological Association (APA) documentation style is commonly used in the social sciences. In APA style, parenthetical references refer readers to sources in the list of references at the end of the paper. * Parenthetical citations must be provided for all sources that are not common knowledge, whether you are summarizing, paraphrasing, or quoting.

Using Parenthetical References

In APA style, parenthetical references refer readers to sources in the list of references at the end of the paper. A typical parenthetical reference includes the author’s last name (followed by a comma) and the year of publication: (Vang, 2015). Here are some guidelines for specific situations.

If the author’s last name appears in the text, follow it with the year of publication, in parentheses: According to Vang (2015), recent studies suggest …
When quoting from a source, include a page number, if available: (Vang, 2015, p. 33). Once you have cited a source, you can refer to the author a second time without the publication date so long as it is clear you are referring to the same source: Vang also found …
If no author is identified, use a shortened version of the title: (“Mind,” 2015).
If you are citing multiple works by the same author or authors published in the same year, include a lowercase letter with the year: (Peters, 2014a), (Peters, 2014b), and so on.

*American Psychological Association, Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition (2010).
When a work has two authors, cite both names, separated by an ampersand, and the year: (Tabor & Garza, 2006). For three to five authors, in the first reference, cite all authors, along with the year; for subsequent references, cite just the first author, followed by et al When a work has six or more authors, cite just the first author, followed by et al and the year: (McCarthy et al., 2010).
Omit page numbers or dates if the source does not include them. (Try to find a .pdf version of an online source; it will usually include page numbers.)
If you quote a source found in another source, cite the original author and the source in which you found it: Psychologist Gary Wells asserted … (as cited in Doyle, 2005, p. 122)
Include in-text references to personal communications and interviews by providing the person’s name, the phrase “personal communication,” and the date: (J. Smith, personal communication, February 12, 2015). Do not include these sources in your reference list.

If a direct quotation is forty words or less, include it within quotation marks without separating it from the rest of the text. When quoting a passage of more than forty words, indent the entire block of quoted text one-half inch from the left margin, and do not enclose it in quotation marks. It should be double-spaced, like the rest of the paper. Place parenthetical documentation one space after the final punctuation.

Preparing a Reference List

Start your list of references on a separate page at the end of your paper. Center the title References at the top of the page, and follow these guidelines:

Begin each reference flush with the left margin, and indent subsequent lines one-half inch. Double-space the reference list within and between entries.
List your references alphabetically by the author’s last name (or by the first major word of the title if no author is identified).
If the list includes references for two sources by the same author, alphabetize them by title.
Italicize titles of books and periodicals. Do not italicize article titles or enclose them in quotation marks.
For titles of books and articles, capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle as well as any proper nouns. Capitalize words in a periodical title as they appear in the original.

When you have completed your reference list, go through your paper and make sure that every reference cited is included in the list in the correct order.

Examples of APA Citations

The following are examples of APA citations.

Periodicals

Article in a journal paginated by volume

Shah, N. A. (2006). Women’s human rights in the Koran: An interpretive approach. Human Rights Quarterly, 28, 868–902.

Article in a journal paginated by issue

Lamb, B., & Keller, H. (2007). Understanding cultural models of parenting: The role of intracultural variation and response style. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(1), 50–57.

Magazine article

Von Drehle, D. (2015, April 20). Line of fire. Time, 185(14), 24–28.

Newspaper article

DeParle, J. (2009, April 19). Struggling to rise in suburbs where failing means fitting in. The New York Times, pp. A1, A20-A21.

Books

Books by one author

Jordan, Jennifer A. (2015). Edible memory: The lure of heirloom tomatoes and other forgotten foods. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Books by two to seven authors

McFadden, J., & Al-Khalili, J. (2014). Life on the edge: The coming of age of quantum biology. New York, NY: Crown.

Books by eight or more authors

Barrett, J. M., Smith, V., Wilson, R. T., Haley, V. A., Clarke, P., Palmer, N. B., … Fraser, D. (2012). How to cite references in APA style. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Edited book

Brummett, B. (Ed.). (2008). Uncovering hidden rhetorics: Social issues in disguise. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Essay in an edited book

Alberts, H. C. (2006). The multiple transformations of Miami. In H. Smith & O. J. Furuseth (Eds.), Latinos in the new south: Transformations of place(pp. 135–151). Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

Translation

Piketty, T. (2015). The Economics of inequality (A. Goldhammer, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Revised edition

Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. B. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Internet Sources

Entire website

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2015). Convention on biological diversity. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/

Web page within a website

The great divide: How Westerners and Muslims view each other. (2006, July 6). In Pew global attitudes project. Retrieved from http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=253

University program website

National security archive. (2009). Retrieved from George Washington University website: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/

Journal article found on the Web with a DOI

Because websites change and disappear without warning, many publishers have started adding a Digital Object Identifier to their articles. A DOI is a unique number that can be retrieved no matter where the article ends up on the Web.

To locate an article with a known DOI, go to the DOI system website at http://dx.doi.org/ and type in the DOI number. When citing an article that has a DOI (usually found on the first page of the article), you do not need to include a URL in your reference or the name of the database in which you may have found the article.

Geers, A. L., Wellman, J. A., & Lassiter, G. D. (2009). Dispositional optimism and engagement: The moderating influence of goal prioritization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 913–932. doi:10.1037/a0014746

Journal article found on the Web without a DOI

Bendetto, M. M. (2008). Crisis on the immigration bench: An ethical perspective. Brooklyn Law Review, 73, 467–523. Retrieved from http://brooklaw.edu/students/journals/blr.php/

Journal article from an electronic database

The name and URL of the database are not required for citations if a DOI is available. If no DOI is available, provide the home page URL of the journal or of the book or report publisher.

Staub, E., & Pearlman, L. A. (2009). Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict: A commentary. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 11, 3–23. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/journals/psp/

Electronic book

Katz, R. N. (Ed.). (2008). The tower and the cloud: Higher education in an era of cloud computing. Retrieved from http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/PUB7202.pdf

Video blog post

Green, J. (2015, July 7). Understanding the financial crisis in Greece [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tigaryz-1y4

Presentation slides

Hall, M. E. (2009) Who moved my job!? A psychology of job-loss “trauma” [Presentation slides]. Retrieved from http://www.cew.wisc.edu/docs/WMMJ%20PwrPt-Summry2.ppt

Student Essay

The following research paper, “The High Cost of Cheap Counterfeit Goods,” follows APA format as outlined in the preceding pages.

APA Paper Guidelines

An APA paper should have a one-inch margin all around and be double-spaced throughout.
The first line of every paragraph should be indented, and all pages of the paper, including the first, should be numbered consecutively.
Every page should have a page header (an abbreviated title in all upper-case letters) typed one-half inch from the top of the page.
An APA paper has four sections: the title page, the abstract, the body of the paper, and the reference list:
1. The title page (page 1) should include a running head (in all upper-case letters) at the top:
  
  Running Head: COUNTERFEIT GOODS
2. The title page should also include the title of the paper (upper- and lower-case letters), your name (first name, middle initial, last name), and your school.
3. The abstract (page 2) should be a 150- to 250-word summary of the paper. Type the word Abstract (centered); skip one line; and do not indent. After the abstract, skip one line and type Keywords (italicized and indented), followed by keywords that will help researchers find your essay in a database.
4. The body of the paper should begin on page 3. After the title page, each page of the paper should include the running head (in all upper-case letters), typed flush left, one-half inch from the top of the page:
  
  COUNTERFEIT GOODS
5. The reference list should begin on a new page, after the body of the paper. (See pages A-14–A-15 for a discussion of how to format the reference list.)
Citations should follow APA documentation style.

Running Head: COUNTERFEIT GOODS

The High Cost of Cheap Counterfeit Goods

Deniz A. Bilgutay

Humanities 101, Section 1

Professor Fitzgerald

March 4, 2015

Abstract

The global trade in counterfeit products costs manufacturers of luxury goods millions of dollars each year. Although this illegal trade threatens the free market, employs underage labor, and may even fund terrorism, many people consider it a victimless crime. Studies show that some consumers even take pride in buying knock-off products. But a closer look at this illicit trade in counterfeit goods shows that consumers in the United States—and around the world—do not understand the ethical implications of the choices they make. Consumers should stop supporting this illegal business, and law enforcement officials should prosecute it more vigorously than they currently do. In the final analysis, this illegal practice hurts legitimate businesses and in some cases endangers the health and safety of consumers.

Keywords: counterfeiting, terrorism, ethics, crime

The High Cost of Cheap Counterfeit Goods

For those who do not want to pay for genuine designer products, a fake Louis Vuitton bag or knock-off Rolex watch might seem too good to pass up. Such purchases may even be a source of pride. According to one study, two-thirds of British consumers said they would be “proud to tell family and friends” that they bought inexpensive knock-offs (Thomas, 2007). The trade in counterfeit goods, however, is a crime—and not a victimless crime. A growing body of evidence suggests that the makers and distributers of counterfeit goods have ties to child labor, organized crime, and even terrorism. In addition, the global economic cost of counterfeiting is estimated at $600 billion a year, according to recent data from the International Chamber of Commerce (Melik, 2011). For these reasons, consumers should stop buying these products and funding the illegal activities that this activity supports.

Much of the responsibility for the trade in counterfeit goods can be placed on the manufacturers and the countries that permit the production and export of such goods. For example, China, which dominates the world counterfeit trade, is doing very little to stop this activity. According to a recent article in USA Today by Calum MacLeod (2011), “a major obstacle is China’s shanzhai culture, whereby some Chinese delight in making cheap imitations, sometimes in parody, of expensive, famous brands.” Chinese counterfeiters have gone so far as to create entire fake stores: fake Starbucks stores, fake Abercrombie & Fitch stores, and even fake Apple stores. Although some of these copycats have been prosecuted, there is a high level of tolerance, even admiration, for counterfeiting in China. This attitude towards shanzhai is reflected in the country’s lax intellectual property protection laws. As one Chinese intellectual property lawyer observed, “The penalties don’t outweigh the benefits” (as cited in MacLeod, 2011). Given this situation, the production of counterfeit goods in China is not likely to slow down any time soon.

Despite such cultural justifications for counterfeiting, there is still an ethical problem associated with the purchase of knock-offs. As Dana Thomas (2007) has written in The New York Times, many of these counterfeit products are made by children who are “sold or sent off by their families to work in clandestine factories.” To American consumers, the problem of children laboring in Chinese factories may be remote, but it is serious. If it is reasonable to place blame for this flourishing market on the countries that allow it, it is also reasonable to blame the people who buy most of the counterfeit goods—namely, consumers in the United States and Europe. According to a report by U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, 62% of fake goods seized in the United States in 2011 were produced in China (as cited in Coleman, 2012). In Europe, the numbers are even higher. According to The Wall Street Journal, 85% of goods seized in the European Union come from China (Nairn, 2011). Consequently, the simple act of buying a counterfeit Coach handbag implicates the consumer in the practice of forced child labor.

Immoral labor practices are not the only reason why the counterfeit market needs to be stopped. Organized crime is behind much of the counterfeit trade, so “every dollar spent on a knockoff Gap polo shirt or a fake Kate Spade handbag may be supporting drug trafficking, … and worse” (“Editorial: The True Cost,” 2007). Consumer dollars may also be supporting narcotics, weapons, and child prostitution (Thomas, 2007).

This illicit international system also helps to finance groups even more sinister than crime syndicates. American consumers of counterfeit goods should understand that profits from counterfeit goods support terrorist and extremist groups, including Hezbollah, paramilitary organizations in Northern Ireland, and FARC, a revolutionary armed faction in Colombia (Thomas, 2007). According to the International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition, the sale of knock-off T-shirts may even have funded the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center. Some observers speculate that terrorists annually receive about 2% of the roughly $500 billion trade in counterfeit goods (“Editorial: The True Cost,” 2007). According to Ronald K. Noble, secretary-general of the international law enforcement agency Interpol, crime involving counterfeit merchandise “is becoming the preferred method of funding for a number of terrorist groups” (as cited in Langan, 2003).

Beyond the moral and ethical implications of its links to child labor, crime, and terrorism, counterfeit merchandise also undermines the mainstay of Western business—respect for intellectual property. In the context of a vast international market of counterfeit luxury goods, the issue of intellectual property can seem insignificant. But the creation of new products requires time, energy, and money, and “unrestrained copying robs creators of the means to profit from their works” (Sprigman, 2006). Copyright law exists to make sure that inventors and producers will be motivated to create original work and be fairly compensated for it. This principle applies to the designers of luxury goods and fashion items as well. Christopher Sprigman (2006) disagrees, however, noting that although intellectual property law does little to protect fashion designs, this is as it should be. “Trend-driven consumption,” says Sprigman, is good for the fashion industry because the industry’s ability to create trends “is based on designers’ relative freedom to copy.” But even this argument—which addresses the influences of legitimate fashion designers and manufacturers—cannot be used to justify allowing counterfeiters to copy Prada handbags or Hugo Boss suits and pass them off as genuine branded articles. Such illicit activity creates no trends—other than perhaps increasing the market for counterfeit products, which siphons off more profits from original designers.

The knock-off market is not limited to fashion and luxury goods. For example, fake products such as shoddy brake pads have directly injured many consumers. In addition, each year millions of people in the United States and abroad buy counterfeit drugs that do not work and in many cases are dangerous. Some sources estimate that the majority of drugs used to treat life-threatening diseases in Africa are counterfeit. Not coincidentally, many of the same people who are making and distributing counterfeit luxury goods are also manufacturing these drugs (“Editorial: The True Cost,” 2007).

It is time for people to realize the harm that is done by counterfeit merchandise and stop buying it. One way to combat this problem is to educate consumers about the effects of their purchases. As James Melik (2011) of the BBC explains, “People try to save money without realising that the purchase of counterfeit goods can actually harm themselves, the economy and ultimately, their own pockets.” Melik urges consumers to “think twice” before buying “products which promote and fund crime.” Another way to confront the problem is for law enforcement to address this issue aggressively. Not only should local authorities do more to stop this illegal trade, but national governments should also impose sanctions on countries that refuse to honor international treaties concerning intellectual property. Only by taking this issue seriously can we ensure that this “victimless” crime does not continue to spread and claim more victims.

References

Coleman, S. (2012, January 20). China still accounts for majority of US counterfeit goods. Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters. Retrieved from http://www.cme-mec.ca/?lid=JCKNC-E742G-1W6JA&comaction=show&cid=DVU6K-CVBRZ-C6TZQ

Editorial: The true cost: Illegal knockoffs of name-brand products do widespread harm [Editorial]. (2007, December 2). The Columbus [OH] Dispatch, p. 4G.

Langan, M. (2003, July 24). Counterfeit goods make real terrorism. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, p. A17.

MacLeod, C. (2011, August 2). China takes knock-offs to a new level, copying entire stores. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/2011-07-31-China-counterfeiting-fake-Western-goods-stores_n.htm

Melik, J. (2011, December 18). Fake goods save money but at what cost? BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16087793

Nairn, G. (2011, October 18). Countering the counterfeiters. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204226204576600462442044764.html

Sprigman, C. (2006, August 22). The fashion industry’s piracy paradox [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http:// www.publicknowledge.org/node/597

Thomas, D. (2007, August 30). Terror’s purse strings. The New York Times, p. A23.