Practical Argument: A Text and Anthology

Preparing the Works-Cited List

Start your works-cited list on a new page following the last page of your paper. Center the heading Works Cited at the top of the page. List entries alphabetically by the author’s last name—or by the first word (other than an article such as a or the) of the title if an author is not given. Double-space within and between entries. Each entry should begin at the left-hand margin, with subsequent lines indented one-half inch. (This format can be automatically generated if you use the “hanging indent” option in your word processing program.)

Here are some additional guidelines:

Italicize all book and periodical titles.
Use a short version of a publisher’s name (Penguin rather than Penguin Books), and abbreviate University Press (as in Princeton UP or U of Chicago P).
If you are listing more than one work by the same author, include the author’s name in the first entry, and substitute three unspaced hyphens followed by a period for the second and subsequent entries.
Put quotation marks around the title of a periodical article or a section of an edited book or anthology, and provide the inclusive page numbers: 44–99. For page numbers larger than 99, give the last two digits of the second number if the first is the same: 147–69 (but 286–301).

When you have completed your list, double-check your parenthetical references to make sure they match the items in your works-cited list.

The following models illustrate the most common kinds of references.

Periodicals

For periodical articles found online or through a full-text database, see page 355.

Guidelines for Citing a Periodical Article

To cite a print article in MLA style, include the following:

Author, last name first
Title of the article, in quotation marks
Title of the periodical, in italics
Volume and issue numbers
Date or year of publication
Page number(s) of the article
(See images on page 349.)

Journals

Journals are periodicals published for experts in a field. Cite both volume number and issue number when available. In cases where only an issue number is available, cite just the issue.

Minkler, Lanse. “Economic Rights and Political Decision-Making.” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 2, 2009, pp. 369–93.

Picciotto, Joanna. “The Public Person and the Play of Fact.” Representations, no. 105, 2009, pp. 85–132.

Magazines

Magazines are periodicals published for a general audience. Do not include a magazine’s volume and issue number, but do include the date (day, month, and year for weekly publications; month and year for those published less frequently). If pages are not consecutive, give the first page followed by a plus sign.

Aviv, Rachel. “The Death Treatment.” The New Yorker, 22 June 2015, pp. 56–65.

Rice, Andrew. “Mission from Africa.” The New York Times Magazine, 12 Apr. 2009, pp. 30+.

Image showing the components of copyright page of a book. The first page of an article in a magazine has the name (title) of the article centrally aligned below which is the author’s name. Thereafter is a small quote (relevant to the article by some other author) after which the article begins. The page number of the article is at the end of the page (again centrally aligned) even after the annotations. — Image of the Copyright page of a magazine has the title of the magazine on top in the middle below which is the sub-title in a smaller font. Next comes the list of editors for the articles in two columns across each other. The name of the editor of the magazine comes below their names separately titled ‘editor’ in italic below which is the name of the editorial assistant (also titled separately). Below the name of the editorial assistant come the volume and issue number is two separate columns opposite each other below which is the publication date centrally aligned.

Newspapers

Include both the letter of the section and the page number. If an article continues on to a nonconsecutive page, give just the first page followed by a plus sign.

Darlin, Damon. “Software That Monitors Your Work, Wherever You Are.” The New York Times, 12 Apr. 2009, pp. B2+.

Editorial, Letter to the Editor, or Review

Include authors and titles where available as well as a descriptive label—for example Editorial, Letter, or Review. In the case of reviews, include the title and author of the work that is reviewed.

Bernath, Dan. “Letter to the Editor.” The Washington Post, 12 Apr. 2009, p. A16. Letter.

Franklin, Nancy. “Whedon’s World.” Review of Dollhouse, directed by Joss Whedon. The New Yorker, 2 Mar. 2009, p. 45.

“World Bank Responsibility.” The Wall Street Journal, 28 Mar. 2009, p. A10. Editorial.

Political Cartoon or Comic Strip

Include the author and title (if available) of the cartoon or comic strip, followed by a descriptive label and publication information.

Adams, Scott. “Dilbert.” The Chicago Tribune, 10 Mar. 2012, p. C9. Comic strip.

Pett, Joel. Lexington Herald-Leader, 30 Apr. 2012, p. A12. Cartoon.

Cite the name of the product or company that is advertised, followed by the descriptive label and the publication information.

Maxwell House. Rolling Stone, 18 June 2015, p. 35. Advertisement.

Books

Guidelines for Citing a Book

To cite a book in MLA style, include the following:

Author, last name first
Title, in italics
Full publisher’s name
Date of publication

An example illustrates Guidelines for Citing a Book. Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Grioux, 2011. In this source “Kahneman, Daniel” is the author (last name first), “Thinking, Fast and Slow” is title, “Farrar, Straus and Grioux” is full publisher name, “2011” is date of publication.

Citing a book - the copyright page has the name of the publishers on the top with their address after which comes the copyright with its sign of a small ‘C’ enclosed by a circle, then the year and the author’s name below which comes a line that reads “All Rights Reserved”. The next page is the Title page that has in the middle of the page the title first, then the name of the author and in the last in comparatively smaller font the name of the publishers.

Book by One Author

List the author, last name first, followed by the title (italicized). Include the full publisher’s name, abbreviated when called for, and end with the date of publication.

Skinner, Quentin. Forensic Shakespeare. Oxford UP, 2014.

Book by Two Authors

List authors in the order in which they are listed on the book’s title page. List the first author with last name first, but list the second author with first name first.

Singer, Peter, and Jim Mason. The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter. Rodale, 2006.

Book by Three or More Authors

List only the first author, last name first, followed by the abbreviation et al. (“and others”).

Gould, Harvey, et al. Advanced Computer Simulation Methods. Pearson Education, 2009.

Two or More Books by the Same Author

List the entries alphabetically by title. In each entry after the first, substitute three unspaced hyphens, followed by a period, for the author’s last name.

Friedman, Thomas L. Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution—and How It Can Renew America. Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2008.

---. The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century. Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2005.

Edited Book

If your focus is on the author, include the name of the editor (or editors) after the title, preceded by the abbreviation Ed. (for “edited by”). If the book is an edited collection of essays by different authors, treat it as an anthology.

Whitman, Walt. The Portable Walt Whitman. Edited by Michael Warner, Penguin Classics, 2004.

If your focus is on the editor, begin with the editor’s name followed by editor or editors.

Michael Warner, editor. The Portable Walt Whitman. Penguin Classics, 2004.

Translation

Bolaño, Roberto. The Savage Detectives. Translated by Natasha Wimmer, Picador, 2008.

Revised Edition

Smith, Steven S., et al., The American Congress. 4th ed., Cambridge UP, 2006.

Anthology

Include the name of the editor (or editors) of the anthology, followed by editor or editors.

Browning, John Edgar, and Caroline Joan S. Picart, editors. Speaking of Monsters, Palgrave, 2012.

Work in an Anthology

Malone, Dan. “Immigration, Terrorism, and Secret Prisons.” Keeping Out the Other: Immigration Enforcement Today, edited by David C. Brotherton and Philip Kretsedemas, Columbia UP, 2008, pp. 44–62.

More Than One Work in the Same Anthology

To avoid repeating the entire anthology entry, you may provide a cross-reference from individual essays to the entire anthology.

Adelson, Glenn et al., editors. Environment: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, Yale UP, 2008.

Lesher, Molly. “Seeds of Change.” Adelson, pp. 131–37.

Marshall, Robert. “The Problem of the Wilderness.” Adelson, pp. 288–92.

Section or Chapter of a Book

Leavitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. “Why Do Drug Dealers Still Live with Their Moms?” Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, Morrow, 2006, pp. 49-78.

Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword

Christiano, Thomas, and John Christman. Introduction. Contemporary Debates in Political Philosophy. Edited by Thomas Christiano and John Christman, Wiley, 2009, pp. 1–20.

Multivolume Work

McNeil, Peter, editor. Fashion: Critical and Primary Sources. Berg Publishers, 2009. 4 vols.

Article in a Reference Work

A reference work is a book (print or electronic)—such as an encyclopedia, a dictionary, a bibliography, an almanac, or a handbook—that contains factual information. If the entries in a reference work are arranged alphabetically, do not include page numbers or volumes. When citing a familiar encyclopedia that publishes new editions regularly, include only the edition (if given) and year. If the article’s author is given, include that as well. For less well-known reference encyclopedias, include publication information.

“Human Rights.” Encyclopedia Americana. 2003 ed.

“Seagrass Beds.” Ocean: A Visual Encyclopedia. DK Publishing, 2015.

Audiovisual Sources

TV Show

“A Desperate Man.” NCIS, written by Nicole Mirante-Matthews, directed by Leslie Libman, CBS, 10 Jan. 2012.

Film

The Tree of Life. Directed by Terrence Malick, performances by Brad Pitt, Sean Penn, and Jessica Chastain, Fox Searchlight, 2011.

Internet Sources

Citing Internet sources can be problematic because they sometimes lack basic information—for example, dates of publication or authors’ names. When citing Internet sources, include all the information you can find.

For sites that are online editions of printed works, include as much of the original print information as is available, as well as the URL.
For sites that exist only online, include (when available) the author, title, overall website title (if part of a larger project), the date it was last updated, and the URL.
For works that are accessed through a library database, include the name of the database (in italics) and the URL or Digital Object Identifier (DOI). A DOI is a unique series of numbers assigned to electronic documents. The DOI remains the same regardless of where on the Internet a document is located.

For particularly long URLs (three lines or greater), you may use the URL for the main website on which you found the content instead of the URL for the specific page which you are referencing. However, your instructor may not require a URL, so be sure to confirm their preference. It is always a good idea, however, to keep a record of the URLs for yourself in case you need to revisit your source.

If you type a URL into a works-cited entry that carries over to the next line, make sure that you break it at an appropriate place—for example, after a slash or a hyphen. If you paste a URL into a works-cited entry, Word will do this for you.

Guidelines for Citing a Website

To cite a website in MLA style, follow these guidelines:

Author (if any)
Title (if any)
Name of website or sponsor
Date the site was last updated
DOI or URL

Image of a home web-page of food safety dot com – the top of the web-page has the name of the author, after which the various articles appear with their titles. The end of the page will have the city of publication in the middle. The date of last update (in the left corner) and the name of the sponsor (in the middle) appear at the bottom of the page in a very small font size. — Foodsafety.gov

An example illustrates Guidelines for Citing a Website. Foodsafety.gov. “The Cure House Recalls Pork Products without Benefit of Inspection.” US Dept of Health and Human Services, 30 Dec. 2015. www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/FSIS-Content/internet/main/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2015/recall-148-2015-release. In this source “Food safety dot gov” is the author, “The Cure House Recalls Pork Products without Benefit of Inspection.” Is title, “US Dept of Health and Human Services” is name of website or sponsor, “30 Dec. 2015” is Date the site was last updated, “www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/FSIS-Content/internet/main/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2015/recall-148-2015-release” is DOI or URL.

Entire Website

Include (if available) the author, title of the website, date of last update, and the URL.

Document within a Website

“Uniform Impunity: Mexico’s Misuse of Military Justice to Prosecute Abuses in Counternarcotics and Public Security Operations.” Human Rights Watch, Apr. 2009, www.hrw.org/report/2009/04/29/uniform-impunity/mexicos-misuse-military-justice-prosecute-abuses-counternarcotics.

Online Video

Baggs, Amanda. “In My Language.” YouTube, 14 Jan. 2007, www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnylM1hI2jc.

Blog Posts and Blog Comments

Caryl, Christian. “Burma: How Much Change?” NYR Daily, NYREV, 17 Nov. 2015, www.nybooks.com/daily/2015/11/17/burma-election-how-much-change/.

Cimons, Marlene. “Why Cities Could Be the Key to Solving the Climate Crisis.” Thinkprogress.org, Center for American Progress Action Fund, 10 Dec. 2015, thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/12/10/3730938/cities-key-to-climate-crisis/.

Begin with the author’s real name, followed by the user name in parentheses. Include only the user name if the real name is unknown. Next, include the entire text of the tweet in quotation marks, followed by the date, the time, and the medium (Tweet).

Curiosity Rover. “Can you see me waving? How to spot #Mars in the night sky: https://youtu.be/hv8hVvJlcJQ.” Twitter, 5 Nov. 2015, 11:00 a.m., twitter.com/marscuriosity/status/672859022911889408.

Podcast

Koenig, Sarah. “The Alibi.” Serial, Chicago Public Radio, 3 Oct. 2014, serialpodcast.org/season-one/1/the-alibi.

Ogg, Erica. “Google Tries to Rehab Its Antitrust Image.” CNET News Daily Podcast, CBS Interactive, 8 May 2009, www.cnet.com/news/cnet-news-daily-podcast-google-tries-to-rehab-its-antitrust-image/.

Online Book

Doctorow, Cory. Content: Selected Essays on Technology, Creativity, Copyright, and the Future of the Future, Tachyon, 2008. Craphound.com.

Part of an Online Book

Zittrain, Jonathan L. “The Lessons of Wikipedia.” The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, Yale UP, 2008. futureoftheinternet.org.

Article in an Online Scholarly Journal

Johnston, Rebecca. “Salvation or Destruction: Metaphors of the Internet.” First Monday, vol. 14, no. 4, 2009, firstmonday.org/article/view/2370/2158.

Magazine Article Accessed Online

Marantz, Andrew. “What to Do When Your App Is Racist.” The New Yorker, 29 Jul. 2015, www.newyorker.com/business/currency/what-to-do-when-your-app-is-racist.

Newspaper Article Accessed Online

Possley, Maurice, and Ken Armstrong. “The Verdict: Dishonor.” Chicago Tribune, 11 Jan. 1999, www.chicagotribune.com/news/watchdog/chi-020103trial1-story.html.

Article from a Library Database

Hartley, Richard D. “Sentencing Reform and the War on Drugs: An Analysis of Sentence Outcomes for Narcotics Offenders Adjudicated in the US District Courts on the Southwest Border.” Criminal Justice Policy Review, vol. 19, no. 4, 2008, pp. 414-37. Sage Premier, doi: 10.1177/1043986208323264.

Legal Case

When citing a court opinion, provide the plaintiffs’ names, the legal citation (volume, abbreviation of the source, page numbers), the name of the court, the year of the decision, and any relevant information about where you found it. In many cases, online versions of the opinions will include only the first page; in those cases, supply that page number followed by a plus sign.

Miranda v. Arizona, 384 US 436+. Supreme Court of the US. 1966. FindLaw, Thompson Reuters, caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/384/436.html.

Government Document

Include the government agency or body issuing the document, followed by publication information.

United States, Department of Homeland Security, Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States, Office of Immigration Policy, Feb. 2009, www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_ill_pe_2011_0.pdf.

The following student research paper, “Should Data Posted on Social-Networking Sites Be ‘Fair Game’ for Employers?” by Erin Blaine, follows MLA documentation style as outlined in the preceding pages.

MLA PAPER GUIDELINES

An MLA paper should have a one-inch margin all around and be double-spaced.
Indent the first line of every paragraph. Number all pages, including the first, consecutively. Type your name, followed by the page number, in the upper right-hand corner.
An MLA paper does not typically have a title page. Type the following information at the top of the paper, one inch from the left-hand margin:
- Name
- Instructor
- Course
- Date submitted
Center the title of the paper. Capitalize all important words of the title, except prepositions, articles, coordinating conjunctions, and the to in infinitives—unless the word is the first or last word of the title. Titles should never be italicized, underlined, or followed by a period.
Begin the works-cited list on a new numbered page, after the body of the paper. (See page 347 for a discussion of the works-cited list.)
Citations should follow MLA documentation style.

Erin Blaine

Professor Adams

Humanities 101

4 March 2015

Should Data Posted on Social-Networking Sites Be “Fair Game” for Employers?

The popularity of social-networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter has increased dramatically over the last several years, especially among college students and young professionals. These sites provide valuable opportunities for networking and for connecting socially. At the same time, however, potential employers, human resources professionals, and even college admissions officers routinely use these sites to evaluate applicants. Because it is so easy to access social-networking sites and because they provide valuable information, this trend is certain to continue. Some people are concerned about this development, arguing that social-networking sites should be off-limits to potential employers because they do not have the context they need to evaluate information. As long as applicants have freely posted information in a public forum, however, there is no reason for an employer not to consult this information during the hiring process.1

The number of employers and universities using social-networking sites to evaluate candidates is growing every year. A recent survey found that 24 percent of college admissions officers acknowledged visiting sites like Facebook to learn more about applicants, and 12 percent said that the information they found “negatively impacted the applicant’s admissions chances” (“Online Behavior”). This practice also occurs in the business world, where the numbers are even more striking. A study conducted by CareerBuilder found that 43 percent of employers use social-networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn to help them evaluate potential employees (“Number of Employers”). According to the New York Times, 75 percent of recruiters are required by their companies to research applicants online, and 70 percent of recruiters have rejected applicants because of information they found. The practice of checking social media is so common that some employers use outside companies, such as Social Intelligence Corp., to do Internet background checks on job candidates (Preston).2

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Not everyone is happy with this practice, though, and some have strong objections. Becca Bush, a college student in Chicago, argues that employers should not have the right to use social media to evaluate potential employees. “It’s a violation of privacy,” she says. “Twenty years ago, people still did the same things as now,” but the information “wasn’t as widespread” (qtd. in Cammenga). Marc S. Rotenberg, president of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, agrees, saying, “Employers should not be judging what people in their private lives do away from the workplace” (qtd. in Preston). Rotenberg goes on to say that privacy settings on sites like Facebook are often misunderstood. According to him, “People are led to believe that there is more limited disclosure than there actually is” (qtd. in Preston). Some people mistakenly think that looking at an applicant’s Facebook page is illegal (Cammenga). Even though it is not, this practice can lead to discrimination, which is illegal. An online search can reveal characteristics that an applicant is not required to disclose to employers—for example, race, age, religion, sex, national origin, marital status, or disability (Preston).3

Given the realities of the digital age, however, admissions committees and job recruiters are acting reasonably when they access social-networking sites. As a practical matter, it would be almost impossible to prevent employers from reviewing online sites as part of informal background and reference checks. Moreover, those who believe that it is unethical for recruiters to look at the online profiles of prospective job candidates seem willing to accept the benefits of social-networking sites but unwilling to acknowledge that these new technologies bring new responsibilities and liabilities. Finally, the problems associated with employers’ use of social-networking sites would not be an issue in the first place if users of social-networking sites took full advantage of the available measures to protect themselves.4

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Part of the problem is that the Internet has fundamentally altered our notions of “private” and “public” in ways that we are only just beginning to understand. As Shelley Fralic observes in “Don’t Fall for the Myths about Online Privacy,” Facebook’s privacy options do not really protect its users’ privacy, and thinking they do “is beyond absurd” (1). On sites like Facebook, people can reveal intimate details of their lives to millions of strangers. This situation is unprecedented and, at least for the foreseeable future, irreversible. As New York Times columnist Thomas L. Friedman observes, “When everyone has a blog, a MySpace page, or Facebook entry, everyone is a publisher…. When everyone is a publisher, paparazzo, or filmmaker, everyone else is a public figure.” Given the changes in our understanding of privacy and the public nature of the Internet, the suggestion that we should live our lives by the same rules we lived by twenty years ago simply does not make sense. As Friedman notes, in the Internet age, more and more of “what you say or do or write will end up as a digital fingerprint that never gets erased” (23).5

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Rather than relying on outdated notions of privacy, students and job seekers should accept these new conditions and take steps to protect themselves. Most college and career counseling services have easy-to-follow recommendations for how to maintain a positive online reputation. First on almost everyone’s list is the advice, “Adjust your privacy settings.” Northwestern University’s Career Services says it simply: “Use your settings wisely and employers will not have access to the contents of your sites” (“Using Social Networking”). Understanding and employing these settings is a user’s responsibility; misunderstanding such protections is no excuse. As Mariel Loveland suggests, those who want extra help can hire an online reputation-management company such as Reputation.com or Integrity Defenders or use services such as those offered by Reppler. The “Reppler Image Score” enables social-networking users to identify questionable material “across different social networks” and to rate its “professionalism and consistency.”6

The most important way for people to protect themselves against the possible misuse of personal information is for them to take responsibility for the information they post online. According to a recent article in Education Week, even middle school students should keep their future college and career plans in mind when they post information online (“Online Behavior”). In preparing students to apply for college, many high school counselors stress the “golden rule”: “students should never post anything online they wouldn’t want their parents to see” (“Online Behavior”). Students and job seekers must realize that a commonsense approach to the Internet requires that they develop good “digital grooming” habits (Bond). For example, one self-described “cautious Internet user” says that she “goes through the information on her [Facebook] account every few weeks and deletes statuses, messages, and other things” (Bond). She understands that a potential employer coming across an applicant’s membership in a Facebook group such as “I Sold My Grandma for Crack-Cocaine!” or a picture of a student posing with an empty liquor bottle may not understand the tone, the context, or the joke. Students should also be careful about “friends” who have access to their online social networks, asking themselves whether these people really know them and would have good things to say about them if a prospective employer contacted them for a reference. According to one high school principal, 75 percent of the students at his school admitted to accepting a friend request from someone they did not know (“Online Behavior”). Getting students to consider the repercussions of this kind of choice is central to many social-media education programs.7

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Although social-networking sites have disadvantages, they also have advantages. These sites provide an excellent opportunity for job seekers to connect with potential employers and to get their names and résumés in circulation. For example, a job seeker can search the LinkedIn networks of a company’s executives or human resources staff for mutual connections. In addition, a job seeker can post information calculated to appeal to potential employers. Recruiters are just as likely to hire candidates based on social-media screening as they are to reject them. A recent article reports the following:8

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However, one third (33 percent) of employers who research candidates on social networking sites say they’ve found content that made them more likely to hire a candidate. What’s more, nearly a quarter (23 percent) found content that directly led to them hiring the candidate, up from 19 percent last year. (“Number of Employers”)

In today’s job market, people should think of their networks as extensions of themselves. They need to take an active role in shaping the image they want to project to future employers.

As Thomas L. Friedman argues in his column, “The Whole World Is Watching,” access to information creates opportunities as well as problems. Quoting Dov Seidman, Friedman maintains that the most important opportunity may be the one to “out-behave your competition.” In other words, just as the Internet allows negative information to travel quickly, it also allows positive information to spread. So even though students and job seekers should be careful when posting information online, they should not miss the opportunity to take advantage of the many opportunities that social-networking sites offer.9

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Works Cited

Bond, Michaelle. “Facebook Timeline a New Privacy Test.” USA Today, 2 Nov. 2011, www.usatoday.com/tech/news/internetprivacy/story/2011-11-02/facebook-timeline-privacy/51047658/1.

Cammenga, Michelle. “Facebook Might Be the Reason You Don’t Get That Job.” Hub Bub, Loyola University Chicago’s School of Communication, 23 Feb. 2012, blogs.luc.edu/hubbub/reporting-and-writing/employers-screen-facebook/.

Fralic, Shelley. “Don’t Fall for the Myths about Online Privacy.” Calgary Herald, 17 Oct. 2015, p. 1.

Friedman, Thomas L. “The Whole World Is Watching.” The New York Times, 27 June 2007, p. A23.

Loveland, Mariel. “Reppler Launches ‘Reppler Image Score,’ Rates Social Network Profile Content for Potential Employers.” Scribbal, 27 Sept. 2011, www.scribbal.com/reppler-launches-rates-social-network-profile-content-09-27-11/.

“Number of Employers Passing on Applicants Due to Social Media Posts Continues to Rise.” CareerBuilder, 26 June 2014, www.careerbuilder.com/share/aboutus/pressreleasesdetail.aspx?sd=6%2F26%2F2014&id=pr829&ed=12%2F31%2F2014.

“Online Behavior Jeopardizing College Plans; Admissions Officers Checking Social-Networking Sites for Red Flags.” Education Week, 14 Dec. 2011, p. 11. Academic One File, www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2011/12/08/14collegeadmit.h31.html.

Preston, Jennifer. “Social Media History Becomes a New Job Hurdle.” The New York Times, 20 July 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/07/21/technology/social-media-history-becomes-a-new-job-hurdle.html?_r=0.

“Using Social Networking in Your Employment Search.” University Career Services, Northwestern University, 2011, www.northwestern.edu/careers/job-intern-prep/social-media-advice/index.html.